細菌室 薛P
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CSF
絕對不能冰,一小時送到檢醫部
- Pneumococcus
- Meningococcus
- HiB
- E coli
- Listeria
- KP
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CSF半小時送給細菌室 馬上接種
Gram
stain危急值半小時內醫師要確認
沒確認打電話叫臨床看病歷系統
CAP要求99.9%
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Urine要冰,也是一小時送到
Loop 0.001ml
>10 0000
CFU
不能驗gonococcus(因為冰了會死掉),要用discharge culture, chocolate
medium
一般Urine不做厭氧菌,做了也是汙染菌(unless
suprapubic aspiration)
Vaginal
discharge也不做厭氧菌
Stool做厭氧則是為了Clostridium difficile
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NTUH每天220套culture,一天40個陽性,一半白天,一半晚上
60%來台大前就用過抗生素,要用resin血瓶
左右手各一套2-4瓶,陰性菌,陽性菌,黴菌,TB
Blood culture
也是一小時
Time to
positive TTP
KP
TTP七小時內的死亡率是TTP七小時以上的兩倍
Gram stain
30分鐘確認
Error 3%
導管菌血症TTP兩小時positive是導管感染
正常80%一天長,
95%兩天長
- 細菌五天發no growth
- TB 42天發no growth (最快7天長出來)
- 黴菌28天發no growth (fungus都是需氧)
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Sputum要冰
所以養不出pneumococcus, HiB
找到yeast通常沒有意義,不會發報告
sputum不做厭氧菌,因為口腔一堆厭氧菌
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The Löwenstein–Jensen
medium, more commonly known as LJ medium, is a growth
medium[1]
specially used for culture of Mycobacterium species, notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Q score
Documentation:
Bartlett developed the Q
score to grade the quality of a specimen sent for culture based on the Gram
stain appearance. This can help determine if the specimen is good, fair or
poor.
Specimen selection: A
specimen from the lower respiratory tract or a superficial wound.
Gram stain examination:
10 to 20 low power (10x objective) microscopic fields
Parameters:
(1) average number of
neutrophils present per low power field
(2) average number of
squamous cells present per low power field
(3) presence of ciliated
respiratory epithelial cells if a sputum specimen
(4) leukopenia due to
disease or therapy
Parameter
|
Finding
|
Points
|
average number of
neutrophils
|
0 (none)
|
0
|
1 to 9 (few)
|
+1
|
|
10 - 24 (moderate
numbers)
|
+2
|
|
>= 25 (many,
numerous)
|
+3
|
|
average number of
squamous cells
|
0 (none)
|
0
|
1 to 9 (few)
|
-1
|
|
10 - 24 (moderate
numbers)
|
-2
|
|
>= 25 (many,
numerous)
|
-3
|
composite Q score =
= (points for average
number of neutrophils) + (points for average number of squamous cells)
Interpretation:
• minimum score: -3
• maximum score: +3
• The higher the score
the better the specimen.
• A specimen with a composite
score >=
+1 should be
cultured.
• A sputum specimen from
a leukopenic patient with ciliated respiratory epithelial cells should be
cultured.
• A composite Q score
that is 0 or negative is probably a superficial sample that may not be a
reliable specimen and so is usually not cultured.
來自 <http://www.meducator3.net/algorithms/content/composite-q-score-bartlett-determining-specimen-quality>
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培養結果的判讀沒有所謂的黃金標準,常用的判別方式大致依病人的臨床狀況、分離菌種及陽性培養套數做判斷[1,3,6,7,9]。常見陽性的指標如下:1.病人具有敗血症症狀如發燒、體溫過低、白血球過多或過少、低血壓。2.分離出的菌種不像污染菌,如Staphylococcus
aureus、Candida spp.、Streptococcus pneumoniae、Escherichia
coli、其他腸內菌科及Pseudomonas aeruginosa 90%以上為致病菌;Strep. agalactiae、Strep.
pyogenes、Listeria monocytogenes、Nesseria meningitidis、Nesseria
gonorrhoeae、Haemophilus influenzae、Bacteroides fragilis group、Cryptococcus
neoformans則皆為致病菌幾乎不可能為汙染菌[6]。3.由不同抽血部位抽取的檢體,同時分離出相同的病 原菌。但如為白血病患者則上述臨床症狀則可能不適用。
CoNS、Corynebacterium
spp.、Propionibacterium acnes及碳疽桿菌之外的Bacillus spp.、Micrococcus spp.、viridans
streptococci及Clostridium perfringens[6]為污染的可能性較高,其中又以C.
spp.、P.acnes、M. spp.及碳疽桿菌之外的Bacillus
spp.的致病機率最低。但上述各菌種為真正致病菌的百分比,在每個研究的結論並不一致,所以醫師無法僅以菌種名稱決定分離菌株的臨床意義。
只以分離套數來區分CoNS是否為污染菌,結果並不正確,依據文獻結果:兩套培養皆分離CoNS和兩套培養中只有1套分離的污染可能性,分別為31%及87%[4];12-31%的污染個案為多套分離,而12-35%的真正感染菌只有從單套培養分離[3,4,7]。故只能說愈多套分離其為污染菌的可能性愈小。而若只有抽單套培養又培養陽性時,其污染的可能性則為67-89%,判讀其臨床意義的困難度更高,故不建議只送單套血液培養[4,7]。另外以分子生物方法,分析同一病人由導管處及週邊血管同時分離的S.
epidermidis時,發現4/14為不同型;另一研究則發現插管後14天,55%至少兩套分離的CoNS為不同型,可能為污染或多重菌株感染[7],故僅以分離套數來界定分離菌株的臨床意義確實有其缺點存在。
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AST;
antimicrobial susceptibility test: 一種抗生素Etest一隻$150,健保只給付220點
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Bruker
Maldi-Tof MS
一台800萬,做一次的成本2元
但沒有買機器的話,做一次200元
美國沒有的Burkholderia pseudomallei
Vibrio
vulnificus
Penicillin
marafi (AIDS常見)
質譜儀容易跑錯
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黃醫師
FUO
聽murmur, cordae tenden rupture
IE,
注意水質,legionella
Campylobacter
兩個彎
Helicobacter
多個彎
Candin不能殺cryptococcus
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Catheter
infection
TTP 早兩小時
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PJP PCR
成本600
1000點
長庚4500
Dyspnea spo2
90%
CXR 不明顯 clear
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TSI Mueller-Hinton medium
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Urine 看到candida很正常
看到Cryptococcus是Dissemination
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歡迎指教