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2015年11月4日 星期三

[醫如往常] Junior Clerkship Day 45:AGE; acute gastroenteritis 討論

20151104 AGE; acute gastroenteritis 討論

Prof. Ni, Vice superintendent

兩歲以下allergy要臨床判斷


GDM; gestational diabetes mellitus

輕微跟重度的母親的小孩體重不會增加
只有中度才會

Failure to thrive

(1) fall over 2 or more percentiles,
(2) are persistently <3rd or 5th percentiles, or
(3) are less than the 80th percentile of median weight for height measurement.


Taiwan Growth Chart

WHO 世界各地 0-6歲 一萬健康人 
之後用台灣體適能>PR25的人來畫圖


Rule out Ileus on KUB

Peritoneal face 看得見
Psoas muscle 看得見


IV fluid 種類 速度

normal saline
輸液補充原則: 每1%脫水程度 10ml/kg輸液量
輸液速度原則: 等張與低張性脫水: 前12小時補1/2量,後24小時補剩下1/2量
等張性滲透壓: Na濃度50-60(mEq/L) (0.45﹪NaCl或Taita No.3)
兒科常見輸液療法 -脫水 成大小兒部邱元佑醫師 http://ped.hosp.ncku.edu.tw/08/discuss/01.htm
adult
"輸液速度開 始以 1ml/min 緩慢滴注以確保病人耐受 度,大部分的病人可承受 50~100ml/h"
癌末病人使用皮下輸注現況之探討http://www.tho.org.tw/xms/read_attach.php?id=1056 

腎有問題要給Potassium free fluid
沒眼淚也是缺水的sign

BUN/Creatinine ratio

比值>10,往往表示係「非腎臟因素」的氮血症(prerenal azotemia)
比值<10 「腎臟因素」殘存的腎元其腎小球濾過率,簡稱GFR會變大,而腎小管呈現滲透性利尿現象,減少對於尿素的再吸收,因此對於尿素的廓清力(urea clearance)亦相對地增加所致。
http://www.fbpf.org.tw/front/bin/ptdetail.phtml?Part=a004


Test
SI unitsUS units
BUN (Urea)7–20 mg/dL
Urea2.5-10.7 mmol/L20-40 mg/dL
Creatinine62-106 μmol/L0.7-1.2 mg/dL

Serum Ratios
BUN:CrUrea:CrLocationMechanism
>20:1>100:1Prerenal(before thekidney)BUN reabsorption is increased. BUN is disproportionately elevated relative to creatinine in serum. Dehydration or hypoperfusion is suspected.
10-20:140-100:1Normal orPostrenal(after the kidney)Normal range. Can also be postrenal disease. BUN reabsorption is within normal limits.
<10:1<40:1Intrarenal(within kidney)Renal damage causes reduced reabsorption of BUN, therefore lowering the BUN:Cr ratio.


小腸絨毛lactose運輸受損

  • Endoscopic biopsy黃金標準,但侵入危險性太高
  • Breath hydrogen test(不適用於嬰幼兒)
讓受測者喝下含乳糖的飲料,一段時間後,檢測呼出氣體中氫氣含量乳糖耐受不良者:因乳糖被腸中細菌分解而產生大量氣體,包括氫氣。呼氣檢測氫氣含量增加
  • Stool acidity test (嬰兒可以用)
乳糖耐受不良者:
無法消化的乳糖在大腸中經細菌發酵,產生乳酸及短鏈脂肪酸,使糞便酸性增加
  • Lactose tolerance test(不適用於嬰幼兒)
受測者空腹喝下定量乳糖飲料,2小時內重複測試血糖值
乳糖耐受不良者:血糖上升不明顯或不上升
(註)喝含乳糖飲料後可出現嚴重腹瀉,甚至脫水
http://doctor.get.com.tw/Learning/base-class/77.aspx


IICP

Echo, ct, mri
小孩沒辦法看papillaedema

Neutral Thermal Environment (NTE)

"指在一定範圍的環境溫度內,身體可以消耗最少的氧氣行代謝作用來維持溫度的恒定,在此適當地環境溫度和溼度下,可降低氧氣消耗量、減少二氧化碳的生成,減低新陳代謝率,避免缺氧和酸中毒,提高新生兒的存活率(鐘、黃,民86)。"

0PNO

TTNB 48-72hr 之後no dyspnea

–又稱溼肺

[醫如往常] Junior Clerkship Day 39: Capnogram; ; TCPC; Ileus

20151027 Capnogram










0PII




這次剛好care兩個病患都是要做Fontan TCPC的
一個是DORV+PA+PDA
另一個是TA+ASD(POD)+VSD+PDA


CHD
Fontan手術Total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC)

Fontan本質是一個緩和性(palliative)而非治癒性(curative)的手術

Indication:
三尖瓣閉鎖(Tricupsid atresia),肺動脈瓣閉鎖(Pulmonary atresia),DORV(Double outlet of right ventricle)
現在的Fontan術式為 Total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) ,分為兩個階段,分別將上腔靜脈和下腔靜脈接到肺動脈

上下腔靜脈血壓會升高,血流速度會變慢甚至停滯、逆流,造成淋巴系統和肝水腫(hepatic congestion),進一步引發凝血因子異常和慢性血管(微)栓塞
使preload減少和afterload增加,長期對剩餘的單一心室產生性質上的改變,如hypertrophy。另外,肺部血流的阻抗也會增加

Ref:1. Postoperative Imaging in Cyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases: Part 1, Normal Findings. Esther Rodríguez1, Rafaela Soler1, Rosa Fernández and Inés Raposo. AJR December 2007 vol. 189 no. 6 1353-13602. Fontan and the pulmonary circulation: a potential role for new pulmonary hypertension therapies. Maurice Beghetti. Heart 2010;96:911-916  http://heart.bmj.com/content/96/12/911.full


Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 20e (2015) 
  1. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: 3287-3322
  2. Fever 1763-1775

Chapter 177  Fever Without a Focus Linda S. Nield and Deepak Kamat
Table 177-1 Febrile Patients at Increased Risk for Serious Bacterial and Viral Infections

Table 177-3 Management of Fever Without Localizing Signs

GI吳教授查房

Cecum在spine左邊:考慮malrotation
嬰兒排便正常:一天兩三次到兩周一次

Rare Case: Jejunum以下全部aganglionic
Congenital aganglionic megacolon (Hirschsprung disease)

Ileus

intestinal obstruction機械性腸阻塞

high-pitch hyperactive bowel sound,典型的腸阻塞可聽到所謂 metallic sound

adynamic ileus(neurogenic ileus; paralytic ileus)無動性腸阻塞(functional disorder)

可能原因
1. Postoperative (by far the most common)
2. Peritonitis
3. Reflex (the retroperitoneal syndrome)
4. Spinal injuries
5. Metabolic disturbances (uremia, diabetic coma, myxoedema and potassium depletion)
6. Ganglion-blocking agents
最重要的發現是腸聲(bowel sound)減少或消失,這是和一般腸阻塞鑑別診斷最好的方法。

Intestinal pseudo obstruction; acute colonic pseudo-obstruction; Ogilvie's syndrome; acute megacolon

absence of any mechanical obstruction
It is a type of megacolon

可以參考Medscape比較表

2015年10月7日 星期三

[醫如往常] Junior Clerkship Day 26: 臨床決策 GI; Jaundice 黃疸

20151007

臨床決策

血液净化 Chief. 黃AP

Case: 32 y/o male with subacute jaundice 
一個病人18秒就要問完重點
  • ascites通常比jaundice先出現,不需要問
  • vomit, nausea, malaise, liver span, splenomegaly都是non-specific,沒有幫助診斷,不需要問

Approach to Jaundice

Charcot's triad:

  1. RUQ pain; right upper quadrant pain
  2. Jaundice
  3. and fever.

Reynolds' pentad:

4. Hypotension
5. Confusion

Murphy sign (cystic duct)
Charcot's triad+Murphy(+) cholecystitis
Charcot's triad+Murphy(-) cholangitis

Mirizzi syndrome (cholecystitis造成jaundice原因)

External compression causes compression of the common bile duct (CBD) or common hepatic duct, resulting in obstruction and jaundice. 

DDx
  • tumor, cancer
  • acute hepatitis
  • ...
Too slow!

依照位置:
  • Pre-hepatic
  • hepatic
  • post-hepatic

問Stool color
  • Dark: Pre-hepatic (Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia)
  • Pale (caly-color stool):
    • hepatic(Mixed)
    • post-hepatic (Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia)

Urine Dipstick


Bilirubin
The system’s cells convert the protoporphyrin into unconjugated bilirubin that passes through the circulatory system bound to protein, particularly albumin. The kidney is unable to filter out this bilirubin as it is bound to protein, however, it is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver to form water-soluble conjugated bilirubin.
Conjugated bilirubin appears in urine when the normal degradation cycle is altered due to the obstruction of the biliary ducts or when the kidney’s functional integrity is damaged. This allows the escape of conjugated bilirubin into the circulation as occurs in hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis). https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Urine_test_strip
Urobilinogen
Intestinal bacteria reduce the bilirubin to urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is a colourless by-product of bilirubin reduction.
Low urine urobilinogen may result from complete obstructive jaundice or treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, which destroy the intestinal bacterial flora. (Obstruction of bilirubin passage into the gut or failure of urobilinogen production in the gut.)
Low urine urobilinogen levels may result from congenital enzymatic jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia syndromes) or from treatment with drugs that acidify urine, such as ammonium chloride or ascorbic acid.
Elevated levels may indicate hemolytic anaemia (excessive breakdown of red blood cells), overburdening of the liver, increased urobilinogen production, re-absorption - a large hematoma, restricted liver function, hepatic infection, poisoning or liver cirrhosis.
http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Urobilinogen

Haptoglobin
Under normal conditions the formation of haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes prevents glomerular filtration, but if the hemolysis is extensive haptoglobin’s uptake capacity is exceeded and hemoglobin can appear in urine. Hemoglobinuria can be caused by hemolytic anaemia, blood transfusions, extensive burns, the bite of the recluse spider(Loxosceles), infections and strenuous exercise.https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Urine_test_strip

Heme

無法區分hemoglobin (hemolysis)還是myoglobin (rhabdomyolysis)造成的,要進一步測試
Chemical tests for blood use the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin to catalyze a reaction between the heme component of both hemoglobin and myoglobin and the chromogen tetramethylbenzidine to produce and oxidized chromogen, which has a green-blue colour.https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Urine_test_strip

PBS; Peripheral blood smear

看Erythrocyte有沒有怪怪的
malaria 通報拿三千元 (找schizont, trophozoite)
問TOCC
不過沒經驗的人PBS並不容易做,可以考慮以下更簡單的區分方法

Blood放著等clotting

看serum 顏色
pink 四級結構 hemolysis
opaque 三級結構 rhabdomyolysis (7kg以上才有顏色,基本上已經救不回來了)

轉診考量?住院?

helicopter 50萬NTD/次

看Vital sign決定



Vice Superintendent
遇到不理性病人
展現專業度(vital sign...)