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2016年9月28日 星期三

[醫如往常] Senior Clerkship Day 17: Ob/Gyn 腹腔鏡手術

20160920 腹腔鏡手術 許教授
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Age 18-25 sex cord tumor
Age 55-65 epithelial tumor
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Mucinous tumor不太會破
臉盆 30 cm
剪刀 25 cm
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惡性指標
  • Postmenopausal
  • Big
  • Fast
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Ovary
IP; infundibulopelvic ligament (suspensory ligament of the ovary)
It contains the ovarian artery, vein, and nerve plexus, and lymphatic vessels.

Ovary ligament(also called the utero-ovarian ligament or proper ovarian ligament) is a fibrous ligament that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus.

cardinal ligament
(or Mackenrodt's ligament,[1] lateral cervical ligament, or transverse cervical ligament[2]) is a major ligament of the uterus. It is located at the base of the broad ligament of the uterus. There are a pair of cardinal ligaments in the female human body.
Uterine artery
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傳統myoma手術myomectomy (surgery to remove uterine fibroids – also called leiomyomas)
  1. Cut
  2. Invitation
  3. Suture
  4. Morcellation
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approximately a 0.09~0.1% risk of an unexpected leiomyosarcoma.After morcellation 64% of such cases may develop disseminated disease which is of particular concern because of the considerable mortality of leiomyosarcoma.

Johnson & Johnson subsequently suspended sale of its morcellators until the role of morcellation "is redefined by the FDA and the medical community," 2014
哈佛麻醉科教授做子宮手術,後來造成sarcoma轉移,Johnson & Johnson賠800萬美金
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In situ morcellation
挖一個洞之後,子宮自己把白色的fibroid推出來
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外面很多開假的myomectomy
只拿小的myoma,手術時間很快
或是拿了大的,但是沒有縫合,因為外面很多不會腹腔鏡縫合技術
因此之後懷孕可能造成子宮破掉,以前就連續發生三起,都是同一家醫院做的
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新疆烏魯木齊24縣道
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惠X診所院長 陳醫師 前三重院區院長
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Cervical cancer
Radiation cystitis, proctitis
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2003 SARS 點值1.05
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全民健康保險醫療費用協定委員會
全數決
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陳教授 病人翻臉如翻書
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OSCE
Wound
  • Pink
  • Red
  • Yellow flap
  • Green pseudomonas
  • Black necrosis
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Pap smear
95% alcohol
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Murphy side hole
Macintosh blade 3
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Murphy Endotracheal Tube
The “Murphy eye” is the eponymous name for a hole on the side of most endotracheal tubes (ETTs) that functions as a vent, and prevents the complete obstruction of the patient’s airway, should the primary distal opening of an ETT become occluded.
Dr. Francis J. Murphy (1900-1972) 


[醫如往常] Senior Clerkship Day 19: Ob/Gyn 婦產科常見出血DDX

    林醫師 許教授
    Teratoma 5% rule
    • 5% malignant
    • 5% Bilateral
    • 5% Age 45

    Hyalobarrier gel 有效減少術後沾黏
    NTD16000; 進價8000

    If cyst rupture
    Chemical peritonitis
    Wash with 20 litter water
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    婦產科常見出血DDX
    陳教授 慈濟主任
    第三產程無痛性出血:前置胎盤
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    性交後出血:子宮頸
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    月經期出血, 經血過多
    • 肌瘤,經血為主,經痛其次
    • Adenomyosis,經痛為主
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    不規則出血
    • 內膜問題
    • 小規模流產
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    Endometrial Risk Factor
    • 初經早,停經晚 ,未生育
    • 肥胖,unopposed estrogen
    • 高血壓,糖尿病
    • PCOS
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    排卵期出血
    • 不太痛,生理性
    • 排除懷孕
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    黃體期缺陷造成月經提早,Spotting bleeding
    • 流血鑽石型(菱形)半個月都在出血
    • 量基礎體溫,無法維持高溫
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    Perimenapause不規則出血
    1. 更年期萎縮性出血 (E2<50, FSH>30)
    2. 子宮頸癌10%
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    Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (診斷垃圾桶)
    • Withdrawal
    • Breakthrough
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    其他原因
    • PID
    • GI bleeding, urinary bleeding
    • GTD, gestational trophoblast disease, high hCG(幾十萬)
      • 亮亮黏黏爛爛紫紅色葡萄泡
    • Liver cirrhosis
    • Renal failure
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    性侵害一半是假的,要隔離偵訊
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    Hypermenorrhea經血過多:超過80cc
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    驗孕不會被核刪
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2016年9月27日 星期二

[醫如往常] Senior Clerkship Day 21: Ob/Gyn Preeclampsia

Grand round cases
Hypercoiled cord
Termination
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Beta thalassemia Chromosome 11p15.5
Alpha thalassemia Chromosome16p13.3
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FAP familial adenomatous polyps
APC gene
AD 5q21-22 tumor suppressor gene
Colon cancer average 39 yo
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Double balanced translocation
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楊醫師 禾馨新生院長
Toxemia, preeclampsia 妊娠毒血
FMH fetal Medicine foundation
Perinatologist: Maternalfetal medicine (MFM)
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Down syndrome
Ultrasound soft marker (week 11-14)
  • Nuchal translucency related to congenital heart disease
  • Nasal bone
  • Ductus venosus
  • Tricuspid regurgitation in week 8
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NIPS; non invasive Prenatal Testing
cfDNA; Cell free DNA
NIFTY test; Non-invasive fetal trisomy test
NIPT; Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing
NIPD; Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis
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Amniocentesis
0.1% complications
PROM, abortion at week 12
NTUH從古自今兩例產婦死亡 

柯教授診所一個月一千
(5000-8000)
國健局補助5000
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Microdeletion syndrome

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Preterm labor syndrome
7% before week 37
0.7% before week 30
Check Cervical length at week 18-22
TYVU shape
<2cm preterm risk

Cervical incontinencedo McDonald surgery

Fetal fibronectin (fFN)
Week 22-35 positive 早產機率很高
High negative predictive rate
Negative保證不會早產
99.9% within 1 week
99.5% within 2 weeks
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Preeclampsia
Week 12 早期評估, week 24 晚期評估
Uterine artery PI index > 2.5
High resistance, high risk
隨著週數應該要變小
Low PLGF, High risk

Low dose aspirin, decrease 80% risk
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Preeclampsia戴總醫師
CC: 頭痛,腳腫,血壓, blurred vision, nocturia
Red flag: blurred vision, headache

Aminocentasis 34 yo, 國健局補助, week 16-18
Hypertension 140/90
High degree Hypertension 160/110
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小心中風
Mg neuroperection
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D-dimer, predictive of HELLP syndrome
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Creatinine delay
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Uterine artery Doppler
sFT1
PIGF
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Placental grade 3 >39 week
Calcification

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2016年9月17日 星期六

[醫如往常] Senior Clerkship Day 6: Ob/Gyn Hormones in menstrual cycle

Hormones in menstrual cycle
吳教授
1995台大婦產科升等為婦產部,下轄3科。現在每年收六個R
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https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MenstrualCycle_zh.png

















Estrogen
平時 E2<20 pg/ml 測不到(儀器限制)
Day 13>250 pg/ml
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Progesterone
平時P4<0.05 ng/ml
Ovulation 1~3 ng/ml
Post-ovulation P4>10-20 ng/ml
不孕治療要提高到>20 ng/ml
多卵> 2 ng/ml
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LH(草綠色)
平時濃度太高會延遲排卵
Base line: 3-8 mIU/ml
Day 13.5 peak 50-100 mIU/ml
nadirpeak14hrpeak10hr ovulation
檢測到上升之後,8小時要再測一次

Peak12hr交配最好

IUI則在peak40-60分放入semen
(Sperm最多活七天, 通常3-5)

取卵要在hCG注射後34-36小時取卵
(E.g. 週六晚上十點打hCG, 周一早上八點取卵)
取出後3-4小時才會成熟,才可做ICSI
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安全期:排卵後一天
次安全期:射精七天後
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FSH(水藍色)
Day 13.5 前後 達到peak 30-50 mIU/ml
  • 年輕人通常在排卵第二天達到peak
  • 老人可以快一天

Day 2 FSH function test

Age
FSH
Normal
<10mIU/ml
(E2<50pg/ml)
Age 40
10mIU/ml
Age 45
15mIU/ml
Age 49
20mIU/ml
Menopause
40mIU/ml
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GA 7 weeks (ovulation 5 weeks)開始分泌ACTH
GA 9 weeks 開始分泌DHEA
E+P可在GA9 weeks 停藥
(E+P很重要,老師至少有5個病人停經後懷孕)

Adrenal
Fetus 製造出DHEA運到placenta轉換成E2
(Fetus沒有3beta-HSD; plancenta沒有CYP17)
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E2太高不易懷孕
E.g.

E2
FSH
A
75
8.5
B
35
8.5
A校正
35
11.5
A不易懷孕,B容易懷孕
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小常識
吳教授小時候住在漁村會補烏魚
動物
一次排卵
烏魚
兩萬顆
10-12
5
2
1
人雙胞胎機率1/100
三胞胎機率1/1000
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Primordial Follicle 12-30 um
Class 5 22
Class 8 1-2

卵越大顆越敏感,越容易受到granulosainhibin BFSH抑制影響
所以要打人工FSH維持卵子數量

2004台大世界紀錄72
病人常問會不會因為取卵打藥造成提早停經,答案是不會,會提早停經都是體質,本來就會提早停經

Stage
Description
Size
Primordial
Dormant, small, only one layer of flat granulosa cells
Primordial follicles are about 0.03-0.05 mm in diameter.
Primary
Mitotic cells, cuboidal granulosa cells
Almost 0.1 mm in diameter
Secondary
Presence of theca cells, multiple layers of granulosa cells
The follicle is now 0.2 mm in diameter
Early tertiary

The early tertiary follicle is arbitrarily divided into five classes. Class 1 follicles are 0.2 mm in diameter, class 2 about 0.4 mm, class 3 about 0.9 mm, class 4 about 2 mm, and class 5 about 5 mm.
Late tertiary
Fully formed antrum, no further cytodifferentiation, no novel progress
Class 6 follicles are about 10 mm in diameter, class 7 about 16 mm, and class 8 about 20 mm. It is common for non-dominant follicles to grow beyond class 5, but rarely is there more than one class 8 follicle.
Preovulatory
Building growth in estrogen concentration, all other follicles atretic or dead

Ref.

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老師Clerk時的心得
以前大家都在外面先看診所
像是Keratoconjunctivitis
在外面看兩間診所各點藥三天都沒好
就來台大看,然後就好了
是因為台大比較會看嗎?
是因為自然病程本來就是一到兩周
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20年前榮總的預算是台大10倍,會領先台大是正常的
現在榮總預算只有台大2倍,所以會被台大超越
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Infertility主要原因
Fallopian tube 不通
卵子不好
精子不好

最早WHO規定要每ml 5000萬隻精蟲才是好的
1992下修到2000
2010下修到1500
環境賀爾蒙影響很大

百萬/cc

10-15
IUI
5-10
IVF
<5
ICSI
不過有些國家不管那麼多直接做ICSI
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台灣不孕症醫師約有204
打廣告
Google 點擊每次5
最近漲到每次29
先存一筆錢進去,快用完的時候,Google就會提醒你該交錢了
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沒有RCT的研究是垃圾
兩者族群不同,confounding factor根本沒有修正
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NTUH
一年做一千例人工
其中一百例是捐卵

病人付30萬,給donor 99營養費(有的醫院只給五萬)
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IVF療程
Day
Estrade 2mg
E2 (pg/ml)
Utrogestan
P4 (ng/ml)
3-8
1# bid
120


9-11
2# bid
240


12-

360


2W+2
Implantation



2W+2
4# bid
450-460
25mg IM
10-20
4W+2


50
20-40


100
40-80
8W+2
2# bid
810
50mg
70
9W+2
0#
1500


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自然懷孕
Week
E2 (pg/ml)
P4 (ng/ml)
5
2500
25
10
5000
50
20
10000
100
36
20000
(80X 排卵250)
180
(10X 排卵10-20)

OHSS
Week
E2 (pg/ml)
P4 (ng/ml)
5
1000-2000
300-600

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Granulosa tumor, 打針
可能出現
E2<1, P2>300-400

慢性不排卵
LH>FSH, E2會高

停經
FSH>LG, E2
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古代沒有超音波,用E2監測雙胞胎
因為E2來自胎兒的DHEA
E2掉一半,死一個
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晚上
ACTH
DHEA
E2/P4 ratio
宮縮

所以安胎會在睡前打P4
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只有3RCT醫師可以繼續開原廠藥
其他醫師不能開
所以就換其他藥開,台廠藥掉到每月一萬顆
Premaren (28成分) 18萬顆/每月
Estramon (10成分) 1萬顆/每月
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RU486 降低懷孕率從8%降到5%
100人吃有95個不會懷孕
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長安東路李木生醫師
condyloma專家
18latancy
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射精後五分鐘可以在fallopian tube end發現精子
Uterus 7cm
Fallopian tube 11cm
有液體就可能懷孕
不管hymen在不在

精子平均長度45um
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病患說出現月經
有可能是懷孕中出血
仍要驗孕以策安全
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