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2015年11月4日 星期三

[醫如往常] Junior Clerkship Day 39: Capnogram; ; TCPC; Ileus

20151027 Capnogram










0PII




這次剛好care兩個病患都是要做Fontan TCPC的
一個是DORV+PA+PDA
另一個是TA+ASD(POD)+VSD+PDA


CHD
Fontan手術Total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC)

Fontan本質是一個緩和性(palliative)而非治癒性(curative)的手術

Indication:
三尖瓣閉鎖(Tricupsid atresia),肺動脈瓣閉鎖(Pulmonary atresia),DORV(Double outlet of right ventricle)
現在的Fontan術式為 Total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) ,分為兩個階段,分別將上腔靜脈和下腔靜脈接到肺動脈

上下腔靜脈血壓會升高,血流速度會變慢甚至停滯、逆流,造成淋巴系統和肝水腫(hepatic congestion),進一步引發凝血因子異常和慢性血管(微)栓塞
使preload減少和afterload增加,長期對剩餘的單一心室產生性質上的改變,如hypertrophy。另外,肺部血流的阻抗也會增加

Ref:1. Postoperative Imaging in Cyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases: Part 1, Normal Findings. Esther Rodríguez1, Rafaela Soler1, Rosa Fernández and Inés Raposo. AJR December 2007 vol. 189 no. 6 1353-13602. Fontan and the pulmonary circulation: a potential role for new pulmonary hypertension therapies. Maurice Beghetti. Heart 2010;96:911-916  http://heart.bmj.com/content/96/12/911.full


Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 20e (2015) 
  1. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: 3287-3322
  2. Fever 1763-1775

Chapter 177  Fever Without a Focus Linda S. Nield and Deepak Kamat
Table 177-1 Febrile Patients at Increased Risk for Serious Bacterial and Viral Infections

Table 177-3 Management of Fever Without Localizing Signs

GI吳教授查房

Cecum在spine左邊:考慮malrotation
嬰兒排便正常:一天兩三次到兩周一次

Rare Case: Jejunum以下全部aganglionic
Congenital aganglionic megacolon (Hirschsprung disease)

Ileus

intestinal obstruction機械性腸阻塞

high-pitch hyperactive bowel sound,典型的腸阻塞可聽到所謂 metallic sound

adynamic ileus(neurogenic ileus; paralytic ileus)無動性腸阻塞(functional disorder)

可能原因
1. Postoperative (by far the most common)
2. Peritonitis
3. Reflex (the retroperitoneal syndrome)
4. Spinal injuries
5. Metabolic disturbances (uremia, diabetic coma, myxoedema and potassium depletion)
6. Ganglion-blocking agents
最重要的發現是腸聲(bowel sound)減少或消失,這是和一般腸阻塞鑑別診斷最好的方法。

Intestinal pseudo obstruction; acute colonic pseudo-obstruction; Ogilvie's syndrome; acute megacolon

absence of any mechanical obstruction
It is a type of megacolon

可以參考Medscape比較表

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